![]() “A Canonical Analysis of Mortgage Lending Terms: Testing for Lending Discrimination at a Large Commercial Bank.” Urban Studies 22 (February 1985), 13–19.īoard of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. “Mortgage Redlining: A Review and Critical Analysis.” Journal of Bank Research 12 (Spring 1981), 8–23.īlackH.A. “Rate Ceiling Implications of the Cost Structure of Consumer Finance Companies.” Journal of Finance 32 (September 1977), 1169–1194. “Economies of Scale of Financial Institutions.” Journal of Money Credit and Banking 4 (May 1972), 312–341. “Scale Economies and Marginal Costs in Banking Operations.” National Banking Review 2 (June 1965), 507–549. Boston: Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, 1968.īenstonG.J. Costs in Commercial Banking: A Quantitative Analysis of Bank Behavior and Its Relation to Bank Regulation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1971.īellF.W. “An Analysis of Informational Restrictions on the Lending Decisions of Financial Institutions.” Economic Inquiry 21 (July 1983), 349–360.īeckerG.S. “Credit Rationing: Issues and Questions.” Journal of Money Credit and Banking 10 (May 1978), 170–183.īarthJ., CordesJ. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, Division of Research and Statistics, Financial Studies Section, 1984.īaltenspergerE. “Mortgage Redlining: A Multicity Cross-Section Analysis.” Working Paper. Washington: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, Division of Research and Statistics, Financial Studies Section, 1982.Īvery, R.A. “Discrimination in Consumer Credit Markets.” Research Papers in Banking and Financial Economics. “Estimation Credit Constraints by Switching Regressions.” In: C.F.Manski and D.McFadden, eds, Structural Analysis of Discrete Data with Econometric Applications. ![]() ![]() Washington: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, Division of Research and Statistics, Financial Studies Section, 1981a. “Indirect Screening and the Equal Credit Opportunity Act.” Research Papers in Banking and Financial Economics. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1972.ĪveryR.B. “Models of Job Discrimination.” In: A.H.Pascal, ed., Racial Discrimination in Economic Life. “Evaluative Techniques in Consumer Finance-Experimental Results and Policy Implications for Financial Institutions.” Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 9 (March 1974), 275–283.ĪrrowK.J. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1981.ĪpiladoV.P., WarnerD.C. Application of Classification Techniques in Business, Banking, and Finance. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1962.ĪltmanE.I., AveryR.B., EisenbeisR.A. “Competition, Monopoly, and the Pursuit of Money.” In: National Bureau of Economic Research, Aspects of Labor Economics. Thus, the ECOA would not appear to have a profound effect on the operation of consumer credit markets.ĪlchianA.A. Moreover, there is little evidence that membership in ECOA-protected groups provides information about lack of creditworthiness or that the act has increased credit availability to anyone. Available studies have failed to produce much evidence of systematic discrimination. On balance, theory predicts little impact for the act, although a few cases are identified in which the ECOA could have an effect. This article examines the difficulties of transforming the goals of the act into effective regulation, looks at what economic theory implies about the possibility of discriminatory behavior in credit markets, and reviews existing statistical evidence concerning discrimination in consumer credit markets. As amended in 1976, the Equal Credit Opportunity Act (ECOA) outlawed discrimination in granting credit on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, sex or marital status, and age.
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